Common health issues in pregnant women: Everything you need to know!

Pregnancy brings many physical and hormonal changes that require regular medical monitoring to track the health of both mother and baby, detect complications, and prevent risks.

Some common issues include nausea, heartburn, back pain, and circulatory problems. Although often mild, medical checkups help manage them effectively. More serious conditions, such as high blood pressure, gestational diabetes, preterm labour risk, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), are typically detected during prenatal visits.

Let’s explore the most frequent health concerns during pregnancy.

Digestive issues

Morning sickness

Affecting around 70% of pregnant women, nausea is common in early pregnancy due to rising levels of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin). In severe cases, it may progress to hyperemesis gravidarum, which requires medical attention. Eating small, frequent meals and adjusting diet can help manage symptoms.

Heartburn and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Progesterone causes the relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter, leading to acid reflux, especially after meals and in the evening. To minimize discomfort, avoid large meals and consider resting with your head slightly elevated after eating.

Constipation, bloating, and gas

Hormonal changes slow down intestinal transit, especially during the third trimester, causing these symptoms. Increasing fibre intake and staying hydrated are key strategies for relief.

Metabolic and hormonal issues

Gestational diabetes

Linked to insulin resistance caused by placental hormones, gestational diabetes is usually screened for between weeks 24 and 28, especially in women with risk factors like family history, obesity, or multiple pregnancies. Symptoms include excessive thirst and fatigue. Unmanaged, it can lead to complications for both mother and baby. Diet adjustments and, if needed, insulin therapy are recommended.

Restless leg syndrome (RLS)

This condition, often hormone-related, arises in the second or third trimester, causing uncomfortable sensations and disrupted sleep. Regular stretching and massages before bed may help alleviate symptoms.

Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism

The thyroid gland plays a crucial role in fetal development. Hypothyroidism (causing fatigue and weight gain) or hyperthyroidism (causing nervousness and weight loss) requires monitoring and treatment to prevent complications.

Circulatory problems

Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia

Gestational hypertension occurs after 20 weeks of pregnancy and can develop into preeclampsia, a serious condition associated with oedema and protein in the urine. It requires close medical monitoring to protect both mother and baby.

Varicose veins and oedema

Increased blood volume and hormonal changes can lead to varicose veins and swelling, particularly in the legs and ankles. Although bothersome, these conditions are generally not serious. Elevating the legs and wearing compression stockings can provide relief.

Anaemia

During pregnancy, the demand for iron rises to support both the mother and fetus. Anaemia, often detected via blood tests, can cause fatigue, pale skin, dizziness, and palpitations. Consuming iron-rich foods and taking supplements if necessary is recommended.

Musculoskeletal pain

Pelvic pain

Frequent in the third trimester, pelvic pain results from the growing weight of the uterus, which can press on the sciatic nerve, combined with ligament relaxation due to pregnancy hormones. Rest and gentle exercise can help relieve pressure on the pelvis.

Lower back pain

About 50% of pregnant women experience back pain. Postural changes, the baby’s weight, and spinal pressure are major contributors, with pain often radiating to the buttocks and thighs. Physical therapy or seeing a chiropractor may be necessary for pain relief.

Skin problems

Itching

Increased blood flow and skin stretching, especially around the abdomen, can cause mild itching. Hormonal changes may also dry the skin. Applying moisturizing creams can provide relief. However, severe itching may signal a condition called cholestasis of pregnancy, which requires medical consultation.

Pregnancy eczema

Eczema, causing itchy rashes, can be treated with topical corticosteroids and moisturizing creams.

Pregnancy urticaria

This is characterized by itchy red patches that typically appear in late pregnancy.

Emotional and psychological challenges

Pregnancy makes women more vulnerable to emotional and psychological issues due to hormonal, physical, and social changes. Mood swings are normal but can sometimes develop into more serious mental health conditions, such as depression. Common emotional issues include:

Anxiety

Between 5% and 15% of pregnant women experience anxiety, often related to concerns about the baby’s health or the delivery. Severe anxiety can lead to panic attacks, irritability, and sleep disturbances. Techniques such as meditation and deep breathing can help alleviate anxiety.

Prenatal depression

Symptoms include sleep disturbances, changes in appetite, lack of energy, deep sadness, loss of interest in activities, and frequent crying. It’s important to consult a healthcare professional for proper support and treatment.

Sleep disorders

Even though fatigue is common during pregnancy, many factors make it difficult for women to get good sleep, including hormonal fluctuations, physical discomfort, and stress. To improve sleep, establish a relaxing bedtime routine, avoid screens before bed, limit drinks before bedtime, stretch to prevent cramps, talk about concerns, and practice relaxation exercises. Common sleep issues include:

Insomnia

Insomnia can result from anxiety, hormonal changes, or physical discomfort, especially as the baby grows. Difficulty finding a comfortable sleeping position or feeling the baby move at night can make falling asleep harder.

Frequent night wakings

As the uterus expands, pressure on the bladder increases, causing pregnant women to wake up multiple times during the night to urinate. Muscle cramps in the legs can also lead to frequent awakenings.

Nightmares

Hormonal changes, along with anxiety about pregnancy and childbirth, can intensify dreams and nightmares, contributing to sudden awakenings and difficulty getting back to sleep.

Key takeaways

Health issues during pregnancy are common, but most can be well-managed with proper medical care and lifestyle adjustments. However, it’s important not to ignore any symptoms and to consult a healthcare provider when needed. With personalized care, it’s possible to experience a healthy and serene pregnancy.

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