How does depression affect our body?

What is depression?

Depression is much more than a fleeting feeling of sadness or a temporary low mood. It is a real mental health condition that can significantly impact one’s emotional and physical well-being.

Depression is characterized by a range of symptoms, including persistent sadness, a low mood, a sense of hopelessness, a lack of interest or pleasure in activities, disrupted sleep patterns, agitation or slowed movements, low energy levels, and abnormal fatigue.

People with depression often have a negative view of themselves and the world around them.

These symptoms can range from mild to severe and typically last for at least two weeks. When these conditions disrupt one’s work, social life, or family relationships, the condition is classified as a major depressive episode, distinguishing it from a temporary bout of sadness or a reactive low mood.

In addition to the emotional and psychological symptoms, depression typically manifests in physical symptoms as well.

What are the physical symptoms of depression?

Depression doesn’t just affect the mind; it can take a toll on the entire body, influencing systems such as the immune, cardiovascular, digestive, and endocrine systems. Here are some of the key physical effects of depression:

Impact on the immune system

Depression can weaken the immune system, leaving the body more susceptible to infections and illnesses. This means individuals with depression may be more prone to respiratory infections, the flu, or even urinary tract infections.

Effects on sleep

Sleep disorders are a hallmark of depression, manifesting as either insomnia (difficulty falling or staying asleep) or hypersomnia (excessive sleeping). Affected individuals may have trouble falling asleep, frequent awakenings during the night, waking up too early, or struggling to get out of bed.

Fatigue is also one of the most common symptoms of depression. It may stem from poor sleep quality, low energy levels, or a lack of motivation, contributing to an overwhelming sense of exhaustion.

Physical pain

Depression can manifest as physical discomfort, including:

• Headaches
• Muscle or joint pain
• Back pain
• Abdominal pain

These symptoms may not have an obvious physical cause but are linked to the body’s response to depression.

Effects on the cardiovascular system

Depression is associated with an increased risk of heart-related conditions, including high blood pressure, an elevated heart rate, and higher cholesterol levels. These factors can significantly increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

Impact on the digestive system

Depression can disrupt digestive health, causing symptoms such as:

• Abdominal pain
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Digestive issues such as constipation or diarrhoea

Effects on the endocrine system

Depression can negatively affect the endocrine system, leading to hormonal imbalances. One significant consequence is an increase in cortisol (the stress hormone). Elevated cortisol levels can have widespread effects on the body, from weight changes to metabolic shifts.

Changes in weight

Depression can cause significant fluctuations in weight. Some individuals may lose weight due to a lack of appetite, diminished interest in food, or a faster metabolism linked to elevated cortisol levels.

Conversely, others may gain weight due to increased appetite, emotional eating (craving comfort foods high in sugar or fat), or reduced physical activity.

Antidepressant medications can also influence weight, causing either gain or loss in some cases.

Decreased libido

A loss of libido is a common symptom of depression. Decreased energy, motivation, and mood can lead to a decline in sexual desire.

Hormonal imbalances, such as reduced testosterone levels, may also contribute to this issue.

Additionally, some antidepressant medications may further reduce libido as a side effect.

How can you reduce the physical effects of depression?

The good news is that the effects of depression—both mental and physical—are not permanent. Recovery is possible with the right approach.

Professional treatment

• Medications: Antidepressants can help restore the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain, alleviating both emotional and physical symptoms.
• Therapies: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and other forms of psychotherapy can help address the thought patterns and behaviours that fuel depression.

Lifestyle changes

• Balanced nutrition: A varied and nutrient-rich diet can support overall physical and mental well-being.
• Regular exercise: Physical activity releases endorphins, which are natural mood boosters, and improves energy levels and sleep quality.
• Quality sleep: Establishing a regular sleep routine and addressing sleep disturbances can significantly improve mood and energy levels.
• Relaxation techniques: Practices such as yoga, meditation, and deep breathing can reduce stress and cortisol levels, promoting better hormonal balance.

Social support

It’s important to seek help and avoid isolation during tough times. Opening up to trusted friends or family members, or joining a support group, can provide a sense of connection and reduce feelings of loneliness.

If you’re experiencing symptoms of depression, don’t hesitate to reach out for help. Early intervention can make a significant difference in reducing its physical and emotional effects.

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